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1 network properties
соц. сетевые свойства, свойства сети (в сетевом подходе: параметры, позволяющие дифференцировать и классифицировать социальные сети; к таким параметрам относятся: плотность сети, степень централизации, гомогенность, сила деловых связей, теснота, замкнутость и устойчивость связей)See: -
2 network analysis
1) сетевой анализ, анализ сетейа) иссл. опер., т. граф. (группа пространственно-аналитических операций, имеющих целью исследование свойств линейных пространственных объектов, образующих сети, напр., гидрографические сети, сети коммуникаций и т. п.; анализ основан на формализмах и алгоритмах теории графов и обычно включает поиск наикратчайшего пути между узлами линейной сети, расчет маршрута движения с минимальными издержками, решение задачи размещения ресурсов и т. п.)See:б) упр. (метод планирования сложных проектов и контроля за их выполнением, основанный на графическом представлении последовательности операций и расчете критического пути)See:project network analysis, program evaluation and review technique, critical path, critical path analysis2) эк., соц. сетевой подход [анализ\], теория сетей (подход в к изучению отдельного рынка или всего хозяйства с учетом существующих социальных взаимоотношений между отдельными людьми или организациями; методологически близок структурной социологии)Syn:See:social network, formal network, informal network, network embeddedness, network properties, network ties, strong ties, weak ties, structural hole, structural similarity, bounded solidarity, Baker, Wayne E.* * * -
3 Neural Network
1. A neural network is composed of a number of very simple processing elements [("neurodes")] that communicate through a rich set of interconnections with variable weights or strengths.2. Memories are stored or represented in a neural network in the pattern of variable interconnection weights among the neurodes. Information is processed by a spreading, constantly changing pattern of activity distributed across many neurodes.3. A neural network is taught or trained rather than programmed. It is even possible to construct systems capable of independent or autonomous learning....4. Instead of having a separate memory and controller, plus a stored external program that dictates the operation of the system as in a digital computer, the operation of a neural network is implicitly controlled by three properties: the transfer function of the neurodes, the details of the structure of the connections among the neurodes, and the learning law the system follows.5. A neural network naturally acts as an associative memory. That is, it inherently associated items it is taught, physically grouping similar items together in its structure. A neural network operated as a memory is content addressable; it can retrieve stored information from incomplete, noisy, or partially incorrect input cues.6. A neural network is able to generalize; it can learn the characteristics of a general category of objects based on a series of specific examples from that category.7. A neural network keeps working even after a significant fraction of its neurodes and interconnections have become defective.8. A neural network innately acts as a processor for time-dependent spatial patterns, or spatiotemporal patterns. (Caudill & Butler, 1990, pp. 7-8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Neural Network
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4 structural similarity
соц. структурное подобие (два или более элементов сети структурно схожи, если они находятся в одинаковом окружении и связаны с одними и теми же элементами сети)See: -
5 WDN
1) Компьютерная техника: Windows Developer Network, Wireless Developer Network2) Фирменный знак: Washington Development Network3) СМИ: Whittier Daily News, Williamson Daily News4) ООН: World Data Network5) NYSE. Walden Residential Properties, Inc. -
6 Theory
Neurath has likened science to a boat which, if we are to rebuild it, we must rebuild plank by plank while staying afloat in it. The philosopher and the scientist are in the same boat....Analyze theory-building how we will, we all must start in the middle. Our conceptual firsts are middle-sized, middle-distanced objects, and our introduction to them and to everything comes midway in the cultural evolution of the race. In assimilating this cultural fare we are little more aware of a distinction between report and invention, substance and style, cues and conceptualization, than we are of a distinction between the proteins and the carbohydrates of our material intake. Retrospectively we may distinguish the components of theory-building, as we distinguish the proteins and carbohydrates while subsisting on them. (Quine, 1960, pp. 4-6)Theories are usually introduced when previous study of a class of phenomena has revealed a system of uniformities.... Theories then seek to explain those regularities and, generally, to afford a deeper and more accurate understanding of the phenomena in question. To this end, a theory construes those phenomena as manifestations of entities and processes that lie behind or beneath them, as it were. (Hempel, 1966, p. 70)A strong approach [to construct validation] looks on construct validation as tough-minded testing of specific hypotheses:heoretical concepts are defined conceptually or implicitly by their role in a network of nomological or statistical "laws." The meaning is partially given by the theoretical network, however tentative and as yet impoverished that network may be. Crudely put, you know what you mean by an entity to the extent that statements about it in the theoretical language are linked to statements in the observational language. These statements are about where it's found, what it does, what it's made of. Only a few of those properties are directly tied to observables [p. 136]. In [an early] theory sketch, based upon some experience and data, everything said is conjectural. We have tentative notions about some indicators of the construct with unknown validities [p. 144]. [When we check up empirically on predictions from the model] we are testing the crude theory sketch, we are tightening the network psychometrically, and we are validating the indicators. All of these are done simultaneously [p. 149]. [Extracted with elisions and some paraphrase from Meehl & Golden, 1982.] (Cronbach, 1990, p. 183)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Theory
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7 compatibility
kəmˌpætəˈbɪlɪtɪ сущ. совместимость, совместность, сочетаемость совместимость (психологическая) - lack of * between spouses несовместимость характеров супругов сочетание;
сочетаемость;
- the * of such properties in one thing наличие таких свойств в одном предмете (биология) совместимость;
- blood * совместимость групп крови backward ~ вчт. совместимость сверху вниз binary ~ standard вчт. стандарт совместимости на уровне двоичных команд compatibility совместимость ~ сочетаемость downward ~ вчт. совместимость сверху вниз equipment ~ вчт. аппаратная совместимость firmware ~ вчт. программно-аппаратная совместимость forward ~ вчт. совместимость снизу вверх hardware ~ вчт. аппаратная совместимость hardware ~ вчт. совместимость аппаратуры logic ~ вчт. логическая совместимость network-level ~ вчт. совместимость на сетевом уровне pin ~ вчт. совместимость по выводам pin-for-pin ~ вчт. совместимость по выводам plug-to-plug ~ вчт. полная совместимость program ~ вчт. программная совместимость software ~ вчт. программная совместимость system ~ вчт. совместимость систем systems ~ вчт. совместимость систем type ~ вчт. соответствие типов unit-to-unit ~ вчт. совместимость устройств upward ~ вчт. совместимость снизу вверх windows ~ вчт. совместимость с windowsБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > compatibility
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8 CNT
1) Военный термин: Coordinated Network Testing2) Техника: celestial navigation trainer3) Юридический термин: Clean Needle Technique4) Сокращение: Canister5) Физиология: Concentrate6) Вычислительная техника: Certified NetWare Technician7) Образование: Center For Neighborhood Technology8) Полимеры: classical nucleation theory9) Программирование: Carbon Nano Tube10) Полупроводники: carbon nanotube11) Расширение файла: Contents tab file (Rational Rose 98)12) Нанотехнологии: УНТ, углеродная нанотрубка13) NYSE. Centerpoint Properties Trust -
9 PNP
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase2) Компьютерная техника: Plug N Play3) Биология: пуриннуклеозид-фосфорилаза4) Военный термин: precision navigation processor5) Техника: p-nitrophenol6) Автомобильный термин: par neutral position7) Грубое выражение: P Nitrophenyl Phosphate, Press N Peel8) Телекоммуникации: Частный план нумерации9) Сокращение: Philippine National Police, Positive-Negative-Positive (transistor)10) Вычислительная техника: Plug 'N Play (PNP), Positive-Negative-Positive (transistor)11) Связь: Private Numbering Plan12) Космонавтика: probability of no penetration, вероятность непроникновения13) Сетевые технологии: plug-and-play14) Химическое оружие: Positive-negative-positive15) Расширение файла: Portable Network Photograph16) Должность: Pediatric Nurse Practitioner17) Чат: Play Nice Policy18) NYSE. Pan Pac Retail Properties, Inc. -
10 PnP
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase2) Компьютерная техника: Plug N Play3) Биология: пуриннуклеозид-фосфорилаза4) Военный термин: precision navigation processor5) Техника: p-nitrophenol6) Автомобильный термин: par neutral position7) Грубое выражение: P Nitrophenyl Phosphate, Press N Peel8) Телекоммуникации: Частный план нумерации9) Сокращение: Philippine National Police, Positive-Negative-Positive (transistor)10) Вычислительная техника: Plug 'N Play (PNP), Positive-Negative-Positive (transistor)11) Связь: Private Numbering Plan12) Космонавтика: probability of no penetration, вероятность непроникновения13) Сетевые технологии: plug-and-play14) Химическое оружие: Positive-negative-positive15) Расширение файла: Portable Network Photograph16) Должность: Pediatric Nurse Practitioner17) Чат: Play Nice Policy18) NYSE. Pan Pac Retail Properties, Inc. -
11 cnt
1) Военный термин: Coordinated Network Testing2) Техника: celestial navigation trainer3) Юридический термин: Clean Needle Technique4) Сокращение: Canister5) Физиология: Concentrate6) Вычислительная техника: Certified NetWare Technician7) Образование: Center For Neighborhood Technology8) Полимеры: classical nucleation theory9) Программирование: Carbon Nano Tube10) Полупроводники: carbon nanotube11) Расширение файла: Contents tab file (Rational Rose 98)12) Нанотехнологии: УНТ, углеродная нанотрубка13) NYSE. Centerpoint Properties Trust -
12 electrical
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13 accounts database
A database which stores user accounts and their network access properties. -
14 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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